自从我换成了开源的A卡驱动以后，我的电脑就时不时地崩溃。现象是：突然之间，整个画面就冻结了，鼠标也不能动了，几乎所有的按键也都失效了，ctrl+alt+F1 和 ctrl+alt+backspace 都无效。这种情况一般发生在有不规则形状的窗口出现的时候，比如gnome-osd的透明文字，但也不是很一定的，发生的概率也不高，一般几天才会有一次。我想，要彻底解决的话，也只能等待驱动的改进了。
不过，每次崩溃都强行按电源的话，还是有点心痛的。幸好办法还是有的，因为驱动程序其实也只是一个程序而已，这时候即使驱动死掉了，鼠标键盘不能动，linux内核还是在正常运行的（按理如果我开了sshd的话，其他机器还是能ssh上来的）。而且，内核还是能处理一些键盘事件的，比如本文要说的：Magic System Request Key
以下按键，一般情况下不建议使用，除非是ctrl+alt+F1都失效了，才用。
使用Magic SysRq key的前提是CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ这个内核选项被打开，并且没有在/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq里禁用掉，也就是 cat 这个文件的时候，出来的是 1 （或其他某些非0值）。其实这两个条件，在一般的linux发行版里都是满足的。下面就来介绍一下几个键的具体作用，其中SysRq指的是右上角的 “Print Screen”键。

ALT-SysRq-b 立即重启系统，不卸载分区和同步文件。
ALT-SysRq-c 调用kexec内核函数来重启，可以生成个crashdump。
ALT-SysRq-d 显示所有的“锁”，如果开了X的话，估计基本看不到。
ALT-SysRq-e 给除了init以外的所有进程发送SIGTERM信号，可以试图正常结束所有进程。
ALT-SysRq-f 调用oom_kill函数来干掉占用了很大内存的进程。
ALT-SysRq-g 内核调试相关的（好像新内核已经没了？）。
ALT-SysRq-h 显示其他key的帮助，同样，如果开了X的话，估计基本看不到。
ALT-SysRq-i 给除了init以外的所有进程发送SIGKILL信号。
ALT-SysRq-k 结束当前虚拟终端的所有进程。
ALT-SysRq-l 显示所有活动CPU的栈跟踪信息。
ALT-SysRq-m 显示内存状态。
ALT-SysRq-n
ALT-SysRq-o 可能的话，关机。
ALT-SysRq-p 显示当前的寄存器状态和标志位。
ALT-SysRq-r 关闭键盘的raw模式。
ALT-SysRq-s 同步内存里的数据到硬盘。
ALT-SysRq-t 显示当前的任务信息。
ALT-SysRq-u 以只读模式重新挂载所有分区。
ALT-SysRq-v
ALT-SysRq-w 显示不可中断的任务
ALT-SysRq-x
ALT-SysRq-z
ALT-SysRq-数字键 调整日志输出级别

另外，除了物理的按键以外，其实还可以把某个键的值用root权限写到 /proc/sysrq-trigger 文件里（这个文件是个只写不读的怪文件，哈哈），比如

echo t > /proc/sysrq-trigger

，来触发Magic SysRq key。

以上内容可以在内核源码的 Documentation/sysrq.txt 里找到英文原文，但是即便是这个官方文档，也似乎不是每个按键都有效的，可能是某些只有在特定的硬件条件下才有效，又或者文档没更新？
在万一遇到程序崩溃的时候，你可能需要按的键是： ALT-SysRq-r e i s u b 来安全地重启机器~

For those who wants to use Winforms apps on GNU/Linux, you can get packages as deb or rpm without compiling by yourself. Currently we have 1.0 release. You can get:

RPM:

http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Mono://UIA/MonoOpenSUSE_11.1/ (for openSUSE 11.1)

you will need to install mono-uia, mono-winfxcore, uiaatkbridge, uiautomationwinforms in order.

DEB:

https://edge.launchpad.net/~raywang/+archive/uia2atk

you have to add my PPA to your /etc/apt/sources.list, import key and get refreshed, and install libmono-uia3.0-cil, libmono-winfxcore3.0-cil, libmono-uiaatkbridge1.0, libmono-uiautomationwinforms1.0-cil libmono-uia3.0-cil, libmono-windowsbase3.0-cil, libmono-uia-atkbridge1.0-cil, libmono-uia-winforms1.0-cil in order.

Feel free to contact me if there are problems/questions/concerns etc


sector = 512 bytes
block = sector * 2(power 0, 1, 4) = 512 bytes, 1 KB, 4 KB
sector <= block <= page size

process

|------ data
|------ resources
|------ state
|------ virtualized computer

ELF section

text section: executable code, readonly data
data section: C variables with values, readable and writable
bss section: uninitialized global data


real uid is always that of the user who started the process.
effective uid may change under various rules to allow a process to execute with the rights of different users.
saved uid stores the original effective uid, its value is used in deciding what effective uid values the user may switch to.
filesystem uid which is usually equal to the effective uid, is used for verifying file system access.


real gid
effective gid
save gid
filesystem gid

IPC mechanism supported by Linux:

pipes
named pipes
semaphores
message queues
shared memory
futexes


I have here a collection of 20 of my favorite quotes from the famous free software evangelist and living legend Richard M. Stallman. I hope you will all like this one. Here it goes:

1- "I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing code. But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life making the world a worse place."

2- "When I do this, some people think that it’s because I want my ego to be fed, right? Of course, I’m not asking you to call it "Stallmanix"!"

3- "I’m always happy when I’m protesting."

4- "Geeks like to think that they can ignore politics, you can leave politics alone, but politics won’t leave you alone."

5- "People sometimes ask me if it is a sin in the Church of Emacs to use vi. Using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance. So happy hacking."

6- "If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the use of these programs."

7- "Fighting patents one by one will never eliminate the danger of software patents, any more than swatting mosquitoes will eliminate malaria."

8- "People said I should accept the world. Bullshit! I don’t accept the world."

9- "Giving the Linus Torvalds Award to the Free Software Foundation is a bit like giving the Han Solo Award to the Rebel Alliance."

10- "Would a dating service on the net be ‘frowned upon’ . . . ? I hope not. But even if it is, don’t let that stop you from notifying me via net mail if you start one."

11- "Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software free, just like air."

12- "If you want to accomplish something in the world, idealism is not enough–you need to choose a method that works to achieve the goal. In other words, you need to be "pragmatic."

13- "No person, no idea, and no religion deserves to be illegal to insult, not even the Church of Emacs."

14- "Today many people are switching to free software for purely practical reasons. That is good, as far as it goes, but that isn’t all we need to do! Attracting users to free software is not the whole job, just the first step."

15- "If in my lifetime the problem of non-free software is solved, I could perhaps relax and write software again. But I might instead try to help deal with the world’s larger problems. Standing up to an evil system is exhilarating, and now I have a taste for it."

16- "I see nothing unethical in the job it does. Why shouldn’t you send a copy of some music to a friend?"

17- "’Free software’ is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of ‘free’ as in ‘free speech,’ not as in ‘free beer’."

18- "For personal reasons, I do not browse the web from my computer. (I also have not net connection much of the time.) To look at page I send mail to a demon which runs wget and mails the page back to me. It is very efficient use of my time, but it is slow in real time."

19- "Playfully doing something difficult, whether useful or not, that is hacking."

20- "Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free."

If you have a favorite Richard M. Stallman quote, feel free to share it to us.

Your aim

You want to use Linux and OpenSSH to automize your tasks. Therefore you need an automatic login from host A / user a to Host B / user b. You don’t want to enter any passwords, because you want to call ssh from a within a shell script.

How to do it

First log in on A as user a and generate a pair of authentication keys. Do not enter a passphrase:

a@A:~> ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/a/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Created directory '/home/a/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /home/a/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/a/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
3e:4f:05:79:3a:9f:96:7c:3b:ad:e9:58:37:bc:37:e4 a@A

Now use ssh to create a directory ~/.ssh as user b on B. (The directory may already exist, which is fine):
a@A:~> ssh b@B mkdir -p .ssh
b@B's password: 

Finally append a's new public key to b@B:.ssh/authorized_keys and enter b's password one last time:
a@A:~> cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh b@B 'cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys'
b@B's password: 

From now on you can log into B as b from A as a without password:
a@A:~> ssh b@B hostname
B

A note from one of our readers:  Depending on your version of SSH you might also have to do the following changes:

Put the public key in .ssh/authorized_keys2
Change the permissions of .ssh to 700
Change the permissions of .ssh/authorized_keys2 to 640

]]>
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		http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/09/19/%e5%9c%a8obs%e4%b8%8a%e5%a2%9e%e5%8a%a0%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e9%a2%9d%e5%a4%96%e7%9a%84-repository/
		http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/09/19/%e5%9c%a8obs%e4%b8%8a%e5%a2%9e%e5%8a%a0%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e9%a2%9d%e5%a4%96%e7%9a%84-repository/#comments
		Fri, 19 Sep 2008 09:48:00 +0000
		raywang
				

		http://raywang.yo2.cn/articles/%e5%9c%a8obs%e4%b8%8a%e5%a2%9e%e5%8a%a0%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e9%a2%9d%e5%a4%96%e7%9a%84-repository.html
		Continue reading →]]>
			在  osc meta pkj home:rawang -e 里增加红色行

<project name="home:rawang">

  <title>Ray Wang’s Home Project</title>

  <description>Hope to contribute all my efforts to the community, and make this distribution even better.</description>

  <person role="maintainer" userid="AvengerMoJo"/>

  <person role="maintainer" userid="allau"/>

  <person role="maintainer" userid="decriptor"/>

  <person role="maintainer" userid="rawang"/>

  <person role="bugowner" userid="rawang"/>

  <build>

<enable repository=’Fedora_9′/>

<enable repository=’openSUSE_11.0′/>

<enable repository=’xUbuntu_8.04′/>

<disable repository=’openSUSE11.0_GNOME_Factory’/>

  </build>

  <publish>

<enable repository=’Fedora_9′/>

<enable repository=’openSUSE_11.0′/>

<enable repository=’xUbuntu_8.04′/>

<enable repository=’openSUSE11.0_Factory’/>

  </publish>

  <repository name="Fedora_9">

     <path repository="standard" project="Fedora:9"/>

     <arch>i586</arch>

     <arch>x86_64</arch>

  </repository>

  <repository name="openSUSE11.0_GNOME_Factory">

     <path repository="standard" project="openSUSE:11.0"/>

     <path repository="openSUSE_Factory" project="GNOME:Factory"/>

     <arch>i586</arch>

     <arch>x86_64</arch>

  </repository>

<repository name="openSUSE_11.0">

     <path repository="standard" project="openSUSE:11.0"/>

     <arch>i586</arch>

     <arch>x86_64</arch>

  </repository>

  <repository name="xUbuntu_8.04">

     <path repository="standard" project="Ubuntu:8.04"/>

     <arch>i586</arch>

     <arch>x86_64</arch>

  </repository>

</project>
然后在需要额外 repository的包里增加红色行

osc meta pkg home:rawang orca -e
<package name="orca" project="home:rawang">

  <title>A screen reader that provides access to the GNOME desktop by people with visual impairments</title>

  <description>A flexible, scriptable, extensible screen reader for the GNOME platform

that provides access via speech synthesis, braille, and magnification.</description>

  <person role="maintainer" userid="rawang"/>

  <build>

<enable repository=’openSUSE11.0_GNOME_Factory’/>

  </build>

</package>
就可以了
]]>
			http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/09/19/%e5%9c%a8obs%e4%b8%8a%e5%a2%9e%e5%8a%a0%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e9%a2%9d%e5%a4%96%e7%9a%84-repository/feed/
		0
		
		
		
		http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/07/11/autotools-%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0/
		http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/07/11/autotools-%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0/#comments
		Fri, 11 Jul 2008 07:20:00 +0000
		raywang
				

		http://raywang.yo2.cn/articles/autotools-%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0.html
		Continue reading →]]>
			随便写了个hello程序练习：

hello/

|– Makefile.am

`– src

        |– Makefile.am

        `– main.c



几个文件的内容：

hello/Makefile.am:

SUBDIRS = src



hello/src/Makefile.am:

bin_PROGRAMS = hello

hello_SOURCES = main.c



hello/src/main.c:

#include <config.h>

#include <stdio.h>

int

main (void)

{

        puts ("hello, world\n");

        puts ("This is "  PACKAGE_STRING ".");

        return 0;

}
hello/configure.in:

AC_PREREQ(2.61)

AC_INIT([hello],[0.1],[bug@report.com])

AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall -Werror])

AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/main.c])

AC_CONFIG_HEADER([config.h])

AC_PROG_CC

AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile

                     src/Makefile])

AC_OUTPUT



如果一步一步来：

1. autoscan

2. modify configure.scan

3. rename configure.scan to configure.in

4. aclocal

5. autoheader

6. autoupdate

7. touch NEWS README AUTHORS ChangeLog COPYING

8. automake –add-missing

9. autoconf
如果为了简单：

1. touch NEWS README AUTHORS ChangeLog COPYING

2. autoreconf –install
]]>
			http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/07/11/autotools-%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0/feed/
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		http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/06/06/make-some-sound-concepts-clear/
		http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/06/06/make-some-sound-concepts-clear/#comments
		Fri, 06 Jun 2008 10:26:00 +0000
		raywang
				

		http://raywang.yo2.cn/articles/make-some-sound-concepts-clear.html
		Continue reading →]]>
			[17:12] <raywang> juhovh: i have a question

[17:13] <raywang> juhovh: what’s the relationship between gsteamer and pulseaudio?

[17:13] <juhovh> there’s no relationship as far as I know

[17:13] <juhovh> except that gstreamer has a pulseaudio output plugin

[17:14] <juhovh> if I could just make any sense out of gstreamer APIs I would probably rewrite their ASF parser

[17:14] <raywang> juhovh: there are too much audio related softwares, PulseAudio, Esound, Gstreamer, Xine. I can’t figure out their relationship

[17:15] <juhovh> pulseaudio is an esound replacement

[17:15] <juhovh> it works between the kernel audio interface and applications

[17:15] <juhovh> gstreamer and xine are both libraries for demuxing/decoding/mixing etc. audio and video streams

[17:16] <juhovh> they can output directly to the kernel interfaces (ALSA, OSS) or to pulseaudio, esd, jack etc

[17:16] <juhovh> the benefit of having something like pulseaudio in the middle is more control

[17:16] <juhovh> and you can for example stream all output over network to another pulseaudio daemon

[17:16] <juhovh> direct output to the kernel doesn’t make that possible

[17:17] <juhovh> then there’s the horrible thing of ALSA that in addition to kernel API includes a userspace library to make accessing it more simple

[17:17] <juhovh> but I don’t like ALSA that much

[17:17] <juhovh> alsa and oss mainly work inside the kernel

[17:17] <juhovh> and provide a consistent api that will work with all sound cards

[17:17] <juhovh> otherwise you would have to write drivers for each sound card separately

[17:17] <juhovh> like in the DOS days

[17:18] <juhovh> I’m xmms2 developer myself, so I haven’t done that much with the gstreamer and xine and stuff except read their code

[17:19] <raywang> juhovh: could i sum up it as "alsa and oss are kernel audio APIs, and PulseAudio and Esound coordinate with them and Gsteamer and Xine?"

[17:20] <juhovh> yeah, alsa and oss are kernel audio APIs, pulseaudio and esound are userspace audio daemons, gstreamer and xine are audio/video players/recorders/whatever

[17:20] <juhovh> and they have a graphical frontend that is usually separate

[17:22] <raywang> juhovh: what’s the sound server in nowadays, is it essential in a distro?

[17:23] <juhovh> sound server is exactly the daemons like pulseaudio

[17:23] <juhovh> it’s not essential, but can make things easier

[17:25] <raywang> juhovh: so the sound server don’t need to start until to make thing easied?

[17:25] <juhovh> raywang: for example some sound cards (many cheap ones) only accept one audio stream, so you can only use one application that outputs sound at the same time

[17:26] <juhovh> raywang: there are some workarounds for this in alsa, but the easiest way is to set up a sound server and make all applications output audio into it

[17:26] <juhovh> and it will do the mixing and forward the sound to alsa

[17:40] <raywang> juhovh: the applications could talk to kernel diectly thought alsa or oss, but lack some features?

[17:40] <juhovh> they don’t really lack features

[17:41] <juhovh> but the goal of drivers in kernel spaces is to be as minimal as possible

[17:41] <juhovh> to keep the kernel maintainable

[17:41] <juhovh> so there’s just more things you can do in userspace

[17:41] <juhovh> OSS4 is quite interesting audio API, but that’s not in kernel, at least not yet

[17:41] <juhovh> I would kind of like to see a move from ALSA back to OSS…

[17:42] <juhovh> bad experience from alsa config files

[17:42] <raywang> juhovh: ah alsa and oss  behave as a abstract layer?

[17:43] <juhovh> that’s what kernel APIs do :p

[17:43] <juhovh> abstract the hardware from vendor specific details

[17:43] <juhovh> but added functionality should be in user space

[17:44] <raywang> understand

[17:44] <raywang> juhovh: nowadays, oss was replaced by alsa, and esound was replaced by PulseAudio?

[17:44] <juhovh> brings us to the microkernel discussion :p

[17:44] <juhovh> yeah

[17:44] <juhovh> and the new OSS (OSS4) was a proprietary sound driver system

[17:44] <juhovh> but they recently released it as GPL

[17:44] <raywang> cool

[17:45] <juhovh> and from what I know it seems better than ALSA

[17:45] <juhovh> no one just wants to make another big change

[17:45] <juhovh> when the OSS->ALSA switch was just finished :p

[17:45] <raywang> yeah

[17:45] <juhovh> and the whole reason for OSS4 to become GPLed was that ALSA developers started promoting making ALSA-only applications

[17:46] <juhovh> the business idea of OSS4 was to make all Linux sound applications work on other *nix systems like Solaris, AIX etc.

[17:46] <juhovh> but if Linux applications are ALSA-only they will be obsolete

[17:46] <juhovh> bad for business

[17:47] <raywang> alsa mean advanced linux sound architeture, that’s why alsa will dominate the Linux market. lol

[17:47] <juhovh> so by GPL release they’re trying bringing up-to-date OSS system and try to keep applications supporting OSS

[17:47] <juhovh> yeah, the old OSS in Linux (FreeOSS) was outdated

[17:47] <juhovh> therefore compared to that ALSA is advanced

[17:48] <juhovh> but the proprietary OSS was developed internally and has pretty much comparable features

[17:48] <raywang> juhovh: so you must be a kernel hacker.  

[17:48] <juhovh> no, I’m not really

[17:48] <juhovh> I like my kernel to just work

[17:49] <juhovh> other people are paid to do that :p

[17:49] <raywang> juhovh: I was wondering why there is not any sound server appear when i type "ps ax", now i have a sense of it. , thanks you  

[17:50] <raywang> juhovh: you open my mind, and make me clear of that.

[17:51] <raywang> that’s the top issue confused me a lot.  

[17:51] <juhovh> for me there is

[17:51] <juhovh> 7049 ?         Sl      0:15 /usr/bin/pulseaudio –log-target=syslog

[17:52] <juhovh> but I’m running pretty plain ubuntu these days

[17:52] <raywang> there is not any in my opensuse

[17:52] <juhovh> then it probably uses alsa

[17:52] <juhovh> with correct configuration one doesn’t need a sound server

[17:53] <raywang> juhovh: do you mean my application talk to kernel directlly without a sound server?

[17:53] <juhovh> yeah, although in case of ALSA probably through libalsa :p

[17:54] <juhovh> to make things more complicated

[17:54] <juhovh> but libalsa doesn’t count as a sound server, because it’s just loaded to the application

[17:54] <raywang> make sense!

[17:56] <raywang> juhovh: anything else to add or explain?  do you mind i post what we talk in my blog, i hope i could save those important words.  

[17:57] <juhovh> I just remembered this http://insanecoding.blogspot.com/2007/05/sorry-state-of-sound-in-linux.html

[17:57] <juhovh> it somewhat lists all the libraries and stuff in linux :p

[17:57] <juhovh> but skips stuff like pulseaudio

[17:57] <juhovh> and is somewhat biased

[17:57] <juhovh> so should be taken with a grain of salt :p

[17:58] <raywang> grain of salt? it’s a slang, i don’t understand  

[17:59] <juhovh> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_of_salt

[17:59] <juhovh> wikipedia to the resque  

[17:59] <raywang> haha , thank you

[18:00] <raywang> juhovh: so do you mind i post what we talk in my blog?  

[18:00] <juhovh> it will be embarrassing if I made some mistakes :p

[18:01] <juhovh> but you can

[18:01] <raywang> hehe, thank you  

]]>
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		http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/03/10/rxvt-%e7%be%8e%e5%8c%96/
		http://blogs.gnome.org/raywang/2008/03/10/rxvt-%e7%be%8e%e5%8c%96/#comments
		Mon, 10 Mar 2008 01:28:00 +0000
		raywang
				

		http://raywang.yo2.cn/articles/rxvt-%e7%be%8e%e5%8c%96.html
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			rxvt-unicode 应该是支持unicode的xterm，想以后可能会用到，先把这篇文章转下来：

http://www.leninlee.cn/?p=316

    rxvt是个快速且节省内存的模拟终端，原版rxvt对中文等非字母语言的支持不好，所以它有许多修改版，rxvt-unicode-ml是比较适合中国人使用的rxvt修改版。
     rxvt轻量但不简单，它有许多设置选项和启动参数，用户可以在命令行使用“rxvt -help”查看其常用启动参数，使用“rxvt –help”查看更为详细的启动参数。
     通过修改用户主目录下的“.Xresources”文件可以配置urxvt的行为，从而不必每次都加启动参数，我的”.Xresources“文件内容如下：

Rxvt.background:white

Rxvt.foreground:black

Rxvt.colorBD:yellow

Rxvt.colorUL:green

Rxvt.multichar_encoding:gb2312

Rxvt.scrollBar:Fault

Rxvt.scrollBar_right:True

Rxvt.scrollBar_floating: True

Rxvt.scrollstyle: next

Rxvt.saveLines:10000

Rxvt.color0:black

Rxvt.color1:red3

Rxvt.color2:springgreen

Rxvt.color3:wheat3

Rxvt.color4:navy

Rxvt.color5:magenta4

Rxvt.color6:steelblue1

Rxvt.color7:gray85

Rxvt.color8:gray10

Rxvt.color9:SkyBlue3

Rxvt.color10:chartreuse3

Rxvt.color11:lightgoldenrod2

Rxvt.color12:SkyBlue1

Rxvt.color13:pink1

Rxvt.color14:lightblue1

Rxvt.color15:#dbeff9

Rxvt.font:xft:Vera Sans YuanTi Mono :size=10,xft:Monospace:size=10

Rxvt.menu:/etc/X11/rxvt.menu

Rxvt.preeditType:Root

Rxvt.geometry:192×174

Rxvt.transparency:255

     这个配置文件是白底黑字，当然可以修改为全透明或者半透明，不过，只要在启动时加入启动参数就可以实现全透明：

urxvt -tr

     也可以实现半透明：

urxvt -fg lightgray -bg black -bc -tr -tint lightgray -sh 60 -sr

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